Serial UART Interface with AVR. An embedded project/product without a Universal Asynchrounous Receiver Transmiter (UART) interface is unimaginable. Even if the MCU is not talking to another serial device, you'll need it at-least during the development work to speak to your computer. UART also come in handy for firmware upgrade and enabling. Nov 21, 2015 Hello, Im quite new to embedded/microcontrollers, Ive choosen to set up a test with an atmega8. Thanks to numerous threads I have come that far. That i can compile and download using avrdude and get a program blinking leds (Ive used dapa with rs232 connector from my laptop, works fine).

• Atmega8 Uart Program Download
• Atmega8 Uart Programming
• Atmega8 Uart Program In Uae
• Atmega8 Uart Tutorial

If You come there from internet search i assume You already know what is PWM and where it can be used, so in this post I’ll only explain how to use 8 bit timer in Atmega8 to generate PWM signal and control frequency, polarity and duty cycle.

PWM can be generated from 16-bit Timer/Counter1 or 8-bit Timer/Counter2 but this time I’ll only explain 8-bit Timer/Counter2Fast PWM Mode.

In this picture from Atmega8 documentation Fast PWM mode is explained. Counter(8bit) counts from 0x00 to 0xFF and restarts from 0x00. In not inverting mode OC2 is cleared when counter match value in OCR2 register and set at 0x00. In inverting mode OC2 is set when counter match value in OCR2 register and cleared at 0x00.

From this all turns out that PWM duty cycle depends on OCR2 register. In not inverting mode duty cycle = OCR2/256*100% and it’s 50% if OCR2 is 0x80(middle between 0x00 – 0xFF).

In every PWM period counter must count 256 steps, so frequency of signal is 256 times lower than counter clock from prescaler. PWM frequency = Atmega clock frequency/timer prescaler(1,8,32,64,128,256)/256. With 4 MHz crystal maximum(without prescaler) PWM frequency is 15 625Hz.

Register setup

Atmega8 Uart Program Download

For example 15 625 Hz, 50 % duty cycle, non-inverting mode PWM signal generation.

1. OCR2=0x80(128); As mentioned before duty cycle = OCR2/256*100%

2. TCCR2=0x69;

3. DDRB=0x08; PWM signal is outputted by toggling level of PORTB pin 3.

DDRB sets it as output.

All together:

#include <iom8.h>
int main( void )
{
DDRB=0x08;

OCR2=0x80;
TCCR2=0x69;
while (1) {};
}

Result:

~10% duty cycle, 61 Hz.

#include <iom8.h>
int main( void )
{
DDRB=0x08;
OCR2=0x1A; // 256/10=25,6 26 in hex = 1A;
TCCR2=0x6E; // 256 prescaler


while (1) {};
}

Result:

And there is demo program and *.hex file for PWM demo seen in video.

Atmega8 PWM demo program (1.8 KiB, 8,281 hits)

If You come there from internet search i assume You already know what is PWM and where it can be used, so in this post I’ll only explain how to use 8 bit timer in Atmega8 to generate PWM signal and control frequency, polarity and duty cycle.

PWM can be generated from 16-bit Timer/Counter1 or 8-bit Timer/Counter2 but this time I’ll only explain 8-bit Timer/Counter2Fast PWM Mode.

In this picture from Atmega8 documentation Fast PWM mode is explained. Counter(8bit) counts from 0x00 to 0xFF and restarts from 0x00. In not inverting mode OC2 is cleared when counter match value in OCR2 register and set at 0x00. In inverting mode OC2 is set when counter match value in OCR2 register and cleared at 0x00.

From this all turns out that PWM duty cycle depends on OCR2 register. In not inverting mode duty cycle = OCR2/256*100% and it’s 50% if OCR2 is 0x80(middle between 0x00 – 0xFF).

In every PWM period counter must count 256 steps, so frequency of signal is 256 times lower than counter clock from prescaler. PWM frequency = Atmega clock frequency/timer prescaler(1,8,32,64,128,256)/256. With 4 MHz crystal maximum(without prescaler) PWM frequency is 15 625Hz.

Register setup

For example 15 625 Hz, 50 % duty cycle, non-inverting mode PWM signal generation.

1. OCR2=0x80(128); As mentioned before duty cycle = OCR2/256*100%

2. TCCR2=0x69;

3. DDRB=0x08; PWM signal is outputted by toggling level of PORTB pin 3.

DDRB sets it as output.

All together:

#include <iom8.h>
int main( void )
{
DDRB=0x08;

Atmega8 Uart Programming

OCR2=0x80;
TCCR2=0x69;
while (1) {};
}

Atmega8 Uart Program In Uae

Result:

~10% duty cycle, 61 Hz.

#include <iom8.h>
int main( void )
{
DDRB=0x08;
OCR2=0x1A; // 256/10=25,6 26 in hex = 1A;
TCCR2=0x6E; // 256 prescaler


while (1) {};
}

Atmega8 Uart Tutorial

Result:

And there is demo program and *.hex file for PWM demo seen in video.

Atmega8 PWM demo program (1.8 KiB, 8,281 hits)